![]() In later years, Raicho became increasingly aligned with theories of mother’s rights (boken) wherein the valorization of motherhood was emphasized with the expectations of support from the welfare state.29 Different from women’s rights (joken) theory, which rejected such potential of dependence on men or a patriarchal state, Raicho’s mother’s rights movement aided in her own evolutionary identity as a New Woman. This, Raicho states, Japanese women would not and could not fathom. I feel I should follow you and make sure you’re all right.28 Questioning the sincerity of Nora’s self-discovery, Raicho remained critical of what true female independence meant. ![]() Kato Midori in the notes of Hiratsuka Raicho, In the Beginning, Woman Was the Sun: The Autobiography of a Japanese Feminist, trans. ![]() ![]() Hiratsuka Raicho, “In the Beginning Woman Was the Sun,” Seito Manifesto, Seito 1.1 (September 1911) in Jan Bardsley, The Bluestockings of Japan: New Woman Essays and Fiction from Seito, 1911-16 (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan, Center for Japanese Studies, 2007), 94. ![]()
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